Taxi and Ground Movement Operations

Issue the route for the aircraft/vehicle to follow on the movement area in concise and easy to understand terms. The taxi clearance/route must include the specific route to follow. When a taxi clearance to a runway is issued to an aircraft, confirm the aircraft has the correct runway assignment.

1. When authorizing an aircraft to taxi or a vehicle to proceed on the movement area, specify the taxi instructions/route. If it is the intent to hold the aircraft/vehicle short of:
   1. A runway: issue the route up to the runway hold short point. When issuing a runway crossing clearance, include specific instructions on where to cross the runway;
   2. Any other point along the route, issue:
      1. the route up to the hold short point, or
      2. the entire route and then state the hold short instructions.

         After issuing a crossing clearance, specify the taxi instructions/route an aircraft/vehicle is to follow, if not previously issued.

2. When authorizing an aircraft to taxi to an assigned takeoff runway, state the departure runway followed by the specific taxi route. Issue hold short instructions, in accordance with subparagraph a above, when an aircraft will be required to hold short of a runway or other points along the taxi route.
3. Issue a crossing clearance to aircraft for each runwaytheirroute crosses. An aircraft must have crossed a previous runway before another runway crossing clearance may be issued. At those airports where the taxi distance between runway centerlines is 1,300 feet or less, multiple runway crossings may be issued with a single clearance. The air traffic manager must submit a request to the appropriate Service Area Director of Air Traffic Operations and receive approval before authorizing multiple runway crossings.
4. When an aircraft/vehicle is instructed to “follow” traffic and requires a runway crossing, issue a runway crossing clearance in addition to the follow instructions and/or hold short instructions, as applicable.
5. Issue a crossing clearance to vehicles for each runway their route crosses. A vehicle must have crossed a previous runway before another runway crossing clearance may be issued.
6. Vehicles that have been issued a clearance onto a runway to conduct runway operations are authorized to cross intersecting runways, unless otherwise restricted. Issue hold short instructions as needed.
7. Crossing of active runway(s) by aircraft/vehicle(s):
   1. During departure operations, ensure that aircraft/vehicles intending to cross a runway do not cross the runway holding position markings until the controller visually observes the departure aircraft in a turn, or the departure aircraft has passed the point where the crossing aircraft/vehicle is located, regardless of altitude, unless authorized in FAA Order JO 7110.65, paragraph 3-10-10, Altitude Restricted Low Approach.
   2. During arrival operations, ensure the following:
      1. An aircraft/vehicle has completed crossing prior to an arriving aircraft crossing the landing threshold, or
      2. An aircraft/vehicle must not cross the runway holding position markings until an arriving aircraft has passed the point at which the crossing is intended, or
      3. An aircraft/vehicle must not cross the runway holding position markings until an arriving aircraft has completed landing roll and:
         1. Acknowledged the instruction to exit the runway prior to the point at which the crossing is intended, or
         2. Acknowledged the instruction to hold short of the point at which the crossing is intended, or
         3. Is visually observed exiting the runway prior to the point at which the crossing is intended.
   3. LAHSO application: When the arriving aircraft has acknowledged a clearance to land and hold short in accordance with FAA Order JO 7110.118, Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO), an aircraft/vehicle may cross the runway beyond the arriving aircraft's hold short point. The crossing aircraft/vehicle must be informed the landing traffic will hold short of the intersection.
8. Request a read back of runway hold short instructions when it is not received from the pilot/vehicle operator.
9. Issue progressive taxi/ground movement instructions when:
   1. A pilot/operator requests.
   2. The specialist deems it necessary due to traffic or field conditions, e.g., construction or closed taxiways.
   3. Necessary during reduced visibility, especially when the taxi route is not visible from the tower.
10. Issue instructions to expedite a taxiing aircraft or a moving vehicle.
11. Issue instructions to aircraft/vehicle to hold short of an approach/departure hold area when required.